Devalue uxarray to make it less expensive

[cmdupuis3]

Closes #1583

Overview

This PR is to resolve suboptimal usage of .values throughout the repo, primarily by deferring to lazy xarray and dask operations. See the table of usage sites in Issue #1583.

PR Checklist

General

• An issue is linked created and linked
• Add appropriate labels
• Filled out Overview and Expected Usage (if applicable) sections

Testing

• Adequate tests are created if there is new functionality
• Tests cover all possible logical paths in your function
• Tests are not too basic (such as simply calling a function and nothing else)

Documentation

• Docstrings have been added to all new functions
• Docstrings have updated with any function changes
• Internal functions have a preceding underscore (_) and have been added to docs/internal_api/index.rst
• User functions have been added to docs/user_api/index.rst

Examples

• Any new notebook examples added to docs/examples/ folder
• Clear the output of all cells before committing
• New notebook files added to docs/examples.rst toctree
• New notebook files added to new entry in docs/gallery.yml with appropriate thumbnail photo in docs/_static/thumbnails/

[github-actions]

ASV Benchmarking

Benchmark Comparison Results

Benchmarks that have improved:

Change	Before [b0487c4]	After [5ea2d9e]	Ratio	Benchmark (Parameter)
-	581M	391M	0.67	face_bounds.FaceBounds.peakmem_face_bounds(PosixPath('/home/runner/work/uxarray/uxarray/test/meshfiles/ugrid/geoflow-small/grid.nc'))
-	700M	390M	0.56	face_bounds.FaceBounds.peakmem_face_bounds(PosixPath('/home/runner/work/uxarray/uxarray/test/meshfiles/ugrid/quad-hexagon/grid.nc'))
-	498M	384M	0.77	mpas_ocean.Gradient.peakmem_gradient('480km')
-	4.80±0.03ms	4.30±0.08ms	0.9	mpas_ocean.RemapDownsample.time_nearest_neighbor_remapping

Benchmarks that have stayed the same:

Change	Before [b0487c4]	After [5ea2d9e]	Ratio	Benchmark (Parameter)
	10.2±0.1μs	9.93±0.09μs	0.97	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_edge_face('120km')
	10.2±0.2μs	10.3±0.1μs	1.02	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_edge_face('480km')
	10.1±0.1μs	10.1±0.06μs	1.00	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_edge_node('120km')
	10.1±0.1μs	10.1±0.01μs	0.99	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_edge_node('480km')
	10.0±0.1μs	9.99±0.2μs	1.00	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_face_edge('120km')
	10.3±0.02μs	10.4±0.1μs	1.01	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_face_edge('480km')
	9.93±0.04μs	9.85±0.05μs	0.99	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_face_face('120km')
	10.2±0.04μs	10.2±0.1μs	1.00	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_face_face('480km')
	20.1±0.2μs	20.4±0.2μs	1.01	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_face_node('120km')
	20.6±0.3μs	20.9±0.4μs	1.01	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_face_node('480km')
	10.1±0.09μs	10.4±0.04μs	1.04	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_node_edge('120km')
	10.1±0.2μs	10.3±0.1μs	1.02	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_node_edge('480km')
	9.94±0.05μs	10.4±0.2μs	1.05	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_node_face('120km')
	10.5±0.2μs	10.3±0.1μs	0.99	bench_connectivity.Connectivity.time_node_face('480km')
	389M	389M	1.00	face_bounds.FaceBounds.peakmem_face_bounds(PosixPath('/home/runner/work/uxarray/uxarray/test/meshfiles/mpas/QU/oQU480.231010.nc'))
	419M	421M	1.01	face_bounds.FaceBounds.peakmem_face_bounds(PosixPath('/home/runner/work/uxarray/uxarray/test/meshfiles/scrip/outCSne8/outCSne8.nc'))
	12.9±0.07ms	12.8±0.04ms	0.99	face_bounds.FaceBounds.time_face_bounds(PosixPath('/home/runner/work/uxarray/uxarray/test/meshfiles/mpas/QU/oQU480.231010.nc'))
	3.40±0.06ms	3.37±0.06ms	0.99	face_bounds.FaceBounds.time_face_bounds(PosixPath('/home/runner/work/uxarray/uxarray/test/meshfiles/scrip/outCSne8/outCSne8.nc'))
	17.4±0.08ms	17.5±0.05ms	1.01	face_bounds.FaceBounds.time_face_bounds(PosixPath('/home/runner/work/uxarray/uxarray/test/meshfiles/ugrid/geoflow-small/grid.nc'))
	2.00±0.01ms	2.02±0.04ms	1.01	face_bounds.FaceBounds.time_face_bounds(PosixPath('/home/runner/work/uxarray/uxarray/test/meshfiles/ugrid/quad-hexagon/grid.nc'))
	1.03±0.02s	1.03±0.04s	1.00	import.Imports.timeraw_import_uxarray
	901±20ns	908±4ns	1.01	mpas_ocean.CheckNorm.time_check_norm('120km')
	870±10ns	850±5ns	0.98	mpas_ocean.CheckNorm.time_check_norm('480km')
	735±10ms	729±30ms	0.99	mpas_ocean.ConnectivityConstruction.time_face_face_connectivity('120km')
	45.2±0.2ms	45.2±0.7ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.ConnectivityConstruction.time_face_face_connectivity('480km')
	634±6μs	639±10μs	1.01	mpas_ocean.ConnectivityConstruction.time_n_nodes_per_face('120km')
	582±7μs	567±10μs	0.97	mpas_ocean.ConnectivityConstruction.time_n_nodes_per_face('480km')
	5.07±0.01ms	5.09±0.06ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.ConstructFaceLatLon.time_cartesian_averaging('120km')
	3.58±0.02ms	3.53±0.07ms	0.99	mpas_ocean.ConstructFaceLatLon.time_cartesian_averaging('480km')
	3.30±0.01s	3.31±0.01s	1.00	mpas_ocean.ConstructFaceLatLon.time_welzl('120km')
	214±0.4ms	212±2ms	0.99	mpas_ocean.ConstructFaceLatLon.time_welzl('480km')
	19.7±0.01ms	19.7±0.05ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.ConstructTreeStructures.time_ball_tree('120km')
	1.15±0.02ms	1.13±0.06ms	0.98	mpas_ocean.ConstructTreeStructures.time_ball_tree('480km')
	10.7±0.03ms	10.7±0.06ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.ConstructTreeStructures.time_kd_tree('120km')
	780±10μs	752±40μs	0.96	mpas_ocean.ConstructTreeStructures.time_kd_tree('480km')
	679±5ms	674±30ms	0.99	mpas_ocean.CrossSections.time_const_lat('120km', 1)
	343±5ms	340±20ms	0.99	mpas_ocean.CrossSections.time_const_lat('120km', 2)
	172±0.9ms	170±6ms	0.99	mpas_ocean.CrossSections.time_const_lat('120km', 4)
	491±4ms	503±20ms	1.02	mpas_ocean.CrossSections.time_const_lat('480km', 1)
	251±4ms	252±7ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.CrossSections.time_const_lat('480km', 2)
	131±1ms	131±4ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.CrossSections.time_const_lat('480km', 4)
	22.2±0.1ms	22.4±0.2ms	1.01	mpas_ocean.DualMesh.time_dual_mesh_construction('120km')
	2.65±0.03ms	2.63±0.09ms	0.99	mpas_ocean.DualMesh.time_dual_mesh_construction('480km')
	847±3ms	844±5ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.GeoDataFrame.time_to_geodataframe('120km', False)
	50.4±0.8ms	51.1±1ms	1.01	mpas_ocean.GeoDataFrame.time_to_geodataframe('120km', True)
	73.9±1ms	73.3±0.4ms	0.99	mpas_ocean.GeoDataFrame.time_to_geodataframe('480km', False)
	5.67±0.1ms	5.70±0.3ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.GeoDataFrame.time_to_geodataframe('480km', True)
	404M	404M	1.00	mpas_ocean.Gradient.peakmem_gradient('120km')
	167±2ms	167±2ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.Gradient.time_gradient('120km')
	11.5±0.04ms	11.8±0.2ms	1.03	mpas_ocean.Gradient.time_gradient('480km')
	189±2μs	191±2μs	1.01	mpas_ocean.HoleEdgeIndices.time_construct_hole_edge_indices('120km')
	87.1±0.6μs	85.6±0.8μs	0.98	mpas_ocean.HoleEdgeIndices.time_construct_hole_edge_indices('480km')
	351M	351M	1.00	mpas_ocean.Integrate.peakmem_integrate('120km')
	331M	331M	1.00	mpas_ocean.Integrate.peakmem_integrate('480km')
	188±2ms	189±3ms	1.01	mpas_ocean.MatplotlibConversion.time_dataarray_to_polycollection('120km', 'exclude')
	189±2ms	189±1ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.MatplotlibConversion.time_dataarray_to_polycollection('120km', 'include')
	191±2ms	191±3ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.MatplotlibConversion.time_dataarray_to_polycollection('120km', 'split')
	14.3±0.1ms	14.3±0.5ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.MatplotlibConversion.time_dataarray_to_polycollection('480km', 'exclude')
	14.4±0.1ms	14.7±0.7ms	1.02	mpas_ocean.MatplotlibConversion.time_dataarray_to_polycollection('480km', 'include')
	14.3±0.08ms	14.4±0.6ms	1.01	mpas_ocean.MatplotlibConversion.time_dataarray_to_polycollection('480km', 'split')
	284±2μs	282±3μs	0.99	mpas_ocean.PointInPolygon.time_face_search_lonlat('120km')
	283±2μs	286±0.7μs	1.01	mpas_ocean.PointInPolygon.time_face_search_lonlat('480km')
	266±2μs	266±0.4μs	1.00	mpas_ocean.PointInPolygon.time_face_search_xyz('120km')
	267±2μs	268±1μs	1.00	mpas_ocean.PointInPolygon.time_face_search_xyz('480km')
	214±0.4ms	215±1ms	1.00	mpas_ocean.RemapDownsample.time_bilinear_remapping
	232±0.5ms	231±0.9ms	0.99	mpas_ocean.RemapDownsample.time_inverse_distance_weighted_remapping
	1.19±0.01s	1.19±0.01s	1.00	mpas_ocean.RemapUpsample.time_bilinear_remapping
	37.3±0.6ms	37.6±0.4ms	1.01	mpas_ocean.RemapUpsample.time_inverse_distance_weighted_remapping
	9.17±0.2ms	9.38±0.2ms	1.02	mpas_ocean.RemapUpsample.time_nearest_neighbor_remapping
	29.4±0.6ms	29.9±0.6ms	1.02	mpas_ocean.ZonalAverage.time_zonal_average('120km')
	6.32±0.06ms	6.84±0.2ms	1.08	mpas_ocean.ZonalAverage.time_zonal_average('480km')
	326M	326M	1.00	quad_hexagon.QuadHexagon.peakmem_open_dataset
	325M	326M	1.00	quad_hexagon.QuadHexagon.peakmem_open_grid
	6.61±0.1ms	7.45±0.8ms	~1.13	quad_hexagon.QuadHexagon.time_open_dataset
	5.52±0.2ms	6.48±0.3ms	~1.17	quad_hexagon.QuadHexagon.time_open_grid

Benchmarks that have got worse:

Change	Before [b0487c4]	After [5ea2d9e]	Ratio	Benchmark (Parameter)
+	179±1μs	643±10μs	3.6	mpas_ocean.Integrate.time_integrate('120km')
+	159±1μs	594±8μs	3.74	mpas_ocean.Integrate.time_integrate('480km')